(5) Norfentanyl is an immediate precursor of fentanyl and a number of fentanyl analogues.

(6) NPP and ANPP are already scheduled substances in Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005. Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues are very potent narcotic drugs, typically 10 to 100 times stronger than heroin. Their high potency continues to
result in overdose deaths in users.

(7) National competent authorities have indicated the seizure of diethyl (phenylacetyl) propanedioate (DEPAPD) and ethyl 3-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyloxirane-2- carboxylate (PMK ethyl glycidate).

(8) DEPAPD is used to produce 1-Phenyl-2-propanone (P-2-P), also known as benzyl methyl ketone (BMK). BMK is a precursor of amphetamine and methamphetamine, two of the most common drugs illicitly produced in the Union. Both have severe consequences for human health.

(9) PMK ethyl glycidate is a precursor of 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenylpropan-2-one (PMK), which, in turn, is used to produce 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ‘ecstasy’.

(10) BMK, as well as some of its other pre-precursors which are very similar to DEPAPD (such as methyl alpha-phenylacetoacetate (MAPA) or alpha-phenylacetoacetamide (APAA)), and PMK are already scheduled substances in Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005.

(11) Amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA are some of the most common drugs illicitly produced in the Union. They have severe consequences for human health and are causing serious social and public health problems in some regions of the Union.

(12) 4-AP, 1-boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate have been designed by criminal organisations to avoid the strict controls of scheduled substances provided for by Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005. Therefore, 4-AP, 1-boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate should also be scheduled at Union level to reinforce the control and monitoring of those substances.

(13) The scheduled substances listed in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and in the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 are divided into categories for which different measures apply, so as to achieve a proportionate balance between the level of threat posed by each specific substance and the burden on licit trade. The strictest control and monitoring measures apply to substances of Category 1.

(14) 4-AP, 1-boc-4-AP and norfentanyl, should be scheduled as Category 1 substances because they can be easily transformed to support the production of fentanyl and its analogues and pose a significant threat to social and public health in the Union.

(15) DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate should be scheduled as Category 1 substances because they can be easily transformed to support the production of methamphetamine, amphetamine and MDMA and pose a significant threat to social and public health in the Union.

(16) 4-AP, 1-boc-4-AP, norfentanyl, DEPAPD and PMK ethyl glycidate have no known licit production, trade or use, except for research purposes. Therefore, including those substances under Category 1 in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 and under Category 1 in the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 would be an adequate response to avoid their use in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and, at the same time, would not entail any significant extra administrative burden for economic operators and competent authorities in the Union.

(17) Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 should therefore be amended accordingly.

(18) The Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1832 of 12 October 2021 amending Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff reclassified ANPP and NPP. Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 should therefore be amended and corrected accordingly.

(19) Regulations (EC) No 273/2004 and (EC) No 111/2005 jointly implement the drug precursors related provisions of the 1988 UN Convention. In view of the close substantive link between the empowerments contained in those Regulations, it is appropriate to adopt the amendments by way of one single delegated act.